(November 1974). Stephen M. White and Louis R. Franzini introduced the related term heteronegativism to refer to the considerable range of negative feelings that some gay individuals may hold and express toward heterosexuals. The Soviet Union under Vladimir Lenin decriminalized homosexuality in 1922, long before many other European countries. That doesn’t mean they have a phobia. [7] The phrase internalized sexual stigma is sometimes used in place to represent internalized homophobia. Exposure is scary primarily because most … According to its Facebook page, which is more than 4,000 members strong, trypophobia is fear of clustered holes. Rings indicate local or case-by-case application. Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who are identified or perceived as being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT). [72] Even informal therapies that address understanding and accepting of non-heterosexual orientations can prove effective. "[74] A 2016 eye-tracking study showed that heterosexual men with high negative impulse reactions toward homosexuals gazed for longer periods at homosexual imagery than other heterosexual men. ad/duction: Definition. Hagiophobia- Fear of saints or holy things. As a result, sufferers of agoraphobia may avoid public and/or unfamiliar places. Fear is not as automatic as you think. Even within some religions which generally discourage homosexuality, there are also people who view homosexuality positively, and some religious denominations bless or conduct same-sex marriages. Theorists including Calvin Thomas and Judith Butler have suggested that homophobia can be rooted in an individual's fear of being identified as gay. the first Triennial Review", "Violent deaths of LGBT people in Brazil hit all-time high", "Police Judgments of Culpability and Homophobia", "Homophobia, racism likely companions, study shows", "Majority support gay equality rights, poll finds", "The global divide on homosexuality: greater acceptance in more secular and affluent countries", "The Hidden Cost of Homophobia in Africa", "What Homophobia Costs a Country's Economy", "A socioecological measurement of homophobia for all countries and its public health impact", "Links between economic development and new measures of LGBT inclusion", "Statement of the Holy See Delegation at the 63rd Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations on the Declaration on Human Rights, Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity", "Council of Europe to advance human rights for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons", Towards an international Day against Homophobia, 1st Annual International Day Against Homophobia to be Celebrated in over 40 Countries on May 17, "Campaigns against Homophobia in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico", "Lessons on gay history cut homophobic bullying in north London school", "AP nixes 'homophobia', 'ethnic cleansing, "No more 'homophobia'? [23], However, when taken literally, homophobia may be a problematic term. In these countries there is a flight of their LGBT populations —with the consequent loss of talent—, as well as an avoidance of LGBT tourism, that leaves the pink money in LGBT-friendlier countries. Rictor Norton; Louie Crew (ed.) Athazagoraphobia– Fear of being forgotton or ignored or forgetting. [71] In other cases, a conscious internal struggle may occur for some time, often pitting deeply held religious or social beliefs against strong sexual and emotional desires. a/mast/ia: Definition. Ataxophobia– Fear of disorder or untidiness. without a breast: Term. "[48], Although bisexuality was accepted as normal human behavior in Ancient China,[49] homophobia became ingrained in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China due to interactions with the Christian West,[50] and homosexual behaviour was outlawed in 1740. [110] The four largest countries of Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia) developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. Warren J. Blumenfeld argues that this emotion gains a dimension beyond itself, as a tool for extreme right-wing conservatives and fundamentalist religious groups and as a restricting factor on gender-relations as to the weight associated with performing each role accordingly. [25] There were also ideas to classify homophobia, racism, and sexism as an intolerant personality disorder. [67] These negative beliefs can be mitigated with education, life experience and therapy,[7][68] especially with gay-friendly psychotherapy/analysis. This means that by the age of 18, you’ve been very effectively trained to fear failure. Fear of success is easy to miss, because it looks a lot like garden-variety procrastination and insecurity. During a panic attack, people may feel a loss of control and an intense fear of dying or impending doom. All CategoriesAnthropologyBiologyBusinessChemistryCommunicationComputerEconomicsEducationEnglishFinanceForeign … [59] He told an audience: "If you see people parading themselves as lesbians and gays, arrest them and hand them over to the police! The first permanent crossings have been put on roads in Lambeth. The word is from the Greek : τρῦπα , trŷpa , meaning "hole" and φόβος , phóbos , meaning "fear… "[29], Passages commonly interpreted as condemning homosexuality or same-gender sexual relations are found in both Old and New Testaments of the Bible. After their fall, homosexuality was reduced from a capital crime to one that is punished with fines and prison sentences. Maybe they are the real problems, of course – and maybe they’re not. [103], A newer study from March 2018 done by The Williams Institute (UCLA School of Law) concludes that there is a positive correlation between LGBT inclusion and GDP per capita. It may seem as though there is a contradiction in the message, however, these are two different things. [13] The word homophobia first appeared in print in an article written for the May 23, 1969, edition of the American pornographic magazine Screw, in which the word was used to refer to heterosexual men's fear that others might think they are gay. One of the most common causes of fear is failure. [61][62], In Poland local towns, cities,[63][64] and Voivodeship sejmiks[65] have declared their respective regions as LGBT ideology free zone with the encouragement of the ruling Law and Justice party. Universal definition, of, relating to, or characteristic of all or the whole: universal experience. Weinberg is credited as the first person to have used the term … [71][78], The fear of being identified as gay can be considered as a form of social homophobia. Spartacus International Gay Guide, page 1217. [70], Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have repressed homosexual desires. Five key differences are listed as distinguishing homophobia, as often used, from a true phobia. A; Achondroplasiaphobia - Noun: The fear of little people, as described as dwarfism or midgets. There are fear of loneliness, fear for great heights, fear for darkness, and fears you may think far more ridiculous, such as the fear for naked bodies and sex. movement of a limb toward the body: Term. [82], Various psychoanalytic theories explain homophobia as a threat to an individual's own same-sex impulses, whether those impulses are imminent or merely hypothetical. In most cases, they will grow out of this fear as they get older. Nancy J. Chodorow states that homophobia can be viewed as a method of protection of male masculinity. [88] Homophobic bullying is also very common in schools in the United Kingdom. [90], In some cases, the works of authors who merely have the word "Gay" in their name (Gay Talese, Peter Gay) or works about things also contain the name (Enola Gay) have been destroyed because of a perceived pro-homosexual bias. Under no circumstances can they be approved."[35]. Morbid fear of many things; a condition marked by the presence of many phobias. 2011. [111], In addition to public expression, legislation has been designed, controversially, to oppose homophobia, as in hate speech, hate crime, and laws against discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. fear synonyms, fear pronunciation, fear translation, English dictionary definition of fear. "[27], Many world religions contain anti-homosexual teachings, while other religions have varying degrees of ambivalence, neutrality, or incorporate teachings that regard homosexuals as third gender. [33] That is a shift upwards from 2010, when 46% of Catholics favored gay marriage. Such a situation may cause extreme repression of homosexual desires. Haphephobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by a fear of being touched. On top, there would be costs caused by violence, workplace loss, rejection of the family, and bullying at school, that would result in a lower education level, lower productivity, lower wages, worse health, and a lower life expectancy among the LGBT population. There also exist so-called Queer religions, dedicated to serving the spiritual needs of LGBTQI persons. Despite there being no law in the communist People's Republic against homosexuality, "police regularly rounded up gays and lesbians." The fear of failure can be seen in those who procrastinatein taking steps toward things like new careers, education, or starting a relationship. [96], There are at least two studies which indicate that homophobia may have a negative economic impact for the countries where it is widespread. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. [4][5], Homophobia is observable in critical and hostile behavior such as discrimination and violence on the basis of sexual orientations that are non-heterosexual. Some less overt behaviors may include making assumptions about the gender of a person's romantic partner, or about gender roles. [74] They noted that "these people are at war with themselves and are turning this internal conflict outward. [13], In 1981, homophobia was used for the first time in The Times (of London) to report that the General Synod of the Church of England voted to refuse to condemn homosexuality. See more. What is many things, fear of? [54], Homosexuality is illegal in 74 countries. All major Islamic sects forbid homosexuality, which is a crime under Sharia Law and treated as such in most Muslim countries. A 1969 article in Time described examples of negative attitudes toward homosexuality as "homophobia", including "a mixture of revulsion and apprehension" which some called homosexual panic. Referring to the debate on both meaning and use, SUNY lecturer Raymond J. Noonan, in his 1999 presentation to The Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality (SSSS) and the American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors, and Therapists (AASECT) Conference,[130] states: The term heterophobia is confusing for some people for several reasons. [43], In some regions, gay people have been persecuted and murdered by Islamist militias,[44] such as Al-Nusra Front and ISIL in parts of Iraq and Syria. In August 2019, the Pride in London community took a different initiative to “show solidarity with the LGBT+ community” and colored the crossings in rainbow colors for the annual parades. In this article, let's delve into some of the technical terms for these fears. "Whereas homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) calls on all international health organizations, psychiatric organizations, and individual psychiatrists in other countries to urge the repeal in their own countries of legislation that penalizes homosexual acts by consenting adults in private. So many of us refuse to leave our comfort zones because we are afraid ofdoing something wrong, something that could damage our lives forever. To someone in chronic fear, the world looks scary and their memories confirm that. polyphobia. has been used to argue that negative feelings towards gay people are also associated with other discriminatory behaviors. photophobia). Kimmel, M. (1994). Bruno Gmunder Verlag, 2007. Robert Mugabe, the former president of Zimbabwe, has waged a violent campaign against LGBT people, arguing that before colonisation, Zimbabweans did not engage in homosexual acts. [100] In total, she estimated for 2014 in India a loss of up to 30,800 million dollars, or 1,7 % of the Indian GDP. Only in health expenses, caused by depression, suicide, and HIV treatment, India would have spent additional 23,100 million dollars due to homophobia. Term. Fear is part instinct, part learned, part taught. Hedonophobia- Fear of feeling pleasure. Enochlophobia is closely related to Agoraphobia (which is the fear of and desire to avoid situations wherein one believes s/he may […] [98][101][102], The LGBT activist Adebisi Alimi, in a preliminary estimation, has calculated that the economic loss due to homophobia in Nigeria is about 1% of its GDP. [106] In March 2010, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation on measures to combat discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation or gender identity, described by CoE Secretary General as the first legal instrument in the world dealing specifically with one of the most long-lasting and difficult forms of discrimination to combat. [105], Most international human rights organizations, such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, condemn laws that make homosexual relations between consenting adults a crime. For example, many young children are afraid of the dark and may need a nightlight to sleep. "[113], Drawing upon research by Arizona State University Professor Elizabeth Segal, University of Memphis professors Robin Lennon-Dearing and Elena Delavega argued in a 2016 article published in the Journal of Homosexuality that homophobia could be reduced through exposure (learning about LGBT experiences), explanation (understanding the different challenges faced by LGBT people), and experience (putting themselves in situations experienced by LGBT people by working alongside LGBT co-workers or volunteering at an LGBT community center).[114]. Ego-dystonic sexual orientation or egodystonic homophobia, for instance, is a condition characterized by having a sexual orientation or an attraction that is at odds with one's idealized self-image, causing anxiety and a desire to change one's orientation or become more comfortable with one's sexual orientation. [58] His first major public condemnation of homosexuality was in August 1995, during the Zimbabwe International Book Fair. To see God in all his glory and then respond to him appropriately. Homosexuals in the DPRK have never been subject to repression, as in many capitalist regimes around the world.". The legal situation in the United Arab Emirates, however, is unclear. "FBI Releases 2010 Hate Crime Statistics. To fear God means to dwell upon his beautiful, glorious holiness which is the very opposite of sin and evil, and to revere God and know that he loves us so much that he desires us to hate and turn away from sin. Successful preventative strategies against homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching pupils about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality.[112]. Just like we would respect authority, respect an authoritative person in a field of study. As an example, LGBT tourists contribute 6,800 million dollars every year to the Spanish economy. Other laws were used to prosecute homosexual people and they were "charged with hooliganism or disturbing public order."[52]. [72] An internalized stigma arises when a person believes negative stereotypes about themselves, regardless of where the stereotypes come from. [7][8], Negative attitudes toward identifiable LGBT groups have similar yet specific names: lesbophobia is the intersection of homophobia and sexism directed against lesbians, biphobia targets bisexuality and bisexual people, and transphobia targets transgender and transsexual people and gender variance or gender role nonconformity. [67] Many diagnostic "Internalized Homophobia Scales" can be used to measure a person's discomfort with their sexuality and some can be used by people regardless of gender or sexual orientation. [77], Researcher Iain R. Williamson, in his 1998 paper "Internalized Homophobia and Health Issues Affecting Lesbians and Gay Men" finds the term homophobia to be "highly problematic" but for reasons of continuity and consistency with the majority of other publications on the issue retains its use rather than using more accurate but obscure terminology. [95] According to the study, hatred of gay people, anti-Semitism, and racism are "likely companions. [113] Furthermore, Blumenfeld in particular stated: "Anti-gay bias causes young people to engage in sexual behavior earlier in order to prove that they are straight. A very unpleasant or disturbing feeling caused by the presence or imminence of danger: Our fears intensified as the storm approached. Available from: Intelligence Report, Winter 2010, Issue Number: 140, Anti-Gay Hate Crimes: Doing the Math by Mark Potok, Senior Fellow. These theorists have argued that a person who expresses homophobic thoughts and feelings does so not only to communicate their beliefs about the class of gay people, but also to distance themselves from this class and its social status. That is a really good question. The fear terms are suffixed by phobia, which is the Greek term for 'fear'. [72] Weinstein et al. [13] Some researchers also apply this label to LGBT people who support "compromise" policies, such as those that find civil unions acceptable in place of same-sex marriage. Define fear. Nearly 2 to 5% of school going children is known to be inflicted with such phobia. First, the word fear in “fear the Lord” on many occasions means respect. Symptoms of emetophobia can be mental, emotional, and physical. [13] According to UK HIV/AIDS charity AVERT, religious views, lack of homosexual feelings or experiences, and lack of interaction with gay people are strongly associated with such views. A fear of dying plays a role in many anxiety disorders, such as panic disorders. As the name indicates, this phobia consists of an irrational fear of large crowds and gatherings of people. [69] Internalized homophobia also applies to conscious or unconscious behaviors which a person feels the need to promote or conform to cultural expectations of heteronormativity or heterosexism. [13], Coined by George Weinberg, a psychologist, in the 1960s,[14] the term homophobia is a blend of (1) the word homosexual, itself a mix of neo-classical morphemes, and (2) phobia from the Greek φόβος, phóbos, meaning "fear", "morbid fear" or "aversion". In some cases, the distinction between religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia is not clear, a key example being territories under Islamic authority. [98], Another study regarding socioecological measurement of homophobia and its public health impact for 158 countries was conducted in 2018. [51] When Mao Zedong came to power, the government thought of homosexuality as "social disgrace or a form of mental illness", and "[d]uring the cultural revolution (1966–76), people who were homosexual faced their worst period of persecution in Chinese history." Megalophobia - Fear of large things; Melanophobia - Fear of the color black; Microphobia - Fear of small things; Mysophobia - Fear of dirt and germs The fear of failure is often hidden behind the reasoning of why you shouldn’t take that step forwa… The tendency of Republicans to view gay and lesbian people negatively could be based on homophobia, religious beliefs, or conservatism with respect to the traditional family. It found that the prejudice against gay people has a worldwide economic cost of $119.1 billion. It is vague and persistent, but it is not registered in medical references as a type of phobia. Because of the threat and because they come from conservative societies, many members of the foundation's site still prefer to be anonymous so as to protect their identities while they are continuing a tradition of secrecy. On the one hand, some look at it as just another of the many me-too social constructions that have arisen in the pseudoscience of victimology in recent decades. Haphephobia or Haptephobia- Fear of being touched. According to this study, the legal rights of LGBT people have a bigger influence than the degree of acceptance in the society, but both effects reinforce each other. Thus, by distancing themselves from gay people, they are reaffirming their role as a heterosexual in a heteronormative culture, thereby attempting to prevent themselves from being labeled and treated as a gay person. Fear can impair formation of long-term memories and cause damage to certain parts of the brain, such as the hippocampus. She states that the Bible has no condemnation for "loving, committed, gay and lesbian relationships" and that Jesus was silent on the subject. [30] This view is opposed by a number of conservative evangelicals,[31] including Robert A. J. Gagnon[32], The official teaching of the Catholic Church regarding homosexuality is that same-sex behavior should not be expressed. While fear of spiders, or arachnophobia, is the most common insect fear people encounter, fear of butterflies and moths is also a fairly common phobia. You’ve certainly not been trained to embrace failure as a key step in learning. post/nat/al: Definition. [71] In 1996, a controlled study of 64 heterosexual men (half said they were homophobic by experience, with self-reported orientation) at the University of Georgia found that men who were found to be homophobic (as measured by the Index of Homophobia)[71] were considerably more likely to experience more erectile responses when exposed to homoerotic images than non-homophobic men. acidophobia), and in medicine to describe hypersensitivity to a stimulus, usually sensory (e.g. Didaskaleinophobia is the fear of school or fear of going to school. [45], State-sponsored homophobia includes the criminalization and penalization of homosexuality, hate speech from government figures, and other forms of discrimination, violence, persecution of LGBT people. [63], Internalized homophobia refers to negative stereotypes, beliefs, stigma, and prejudice about homosexuality and LGBT people that a person with same-sex attraction turns inward on themselves, whether or not they identify as LGBT. It was a religious fear and it had led to great brutality as fear always does. movement of a limb away from the body: Term. This research found that of the 80 countries around the world that continue to consider homosexuality illegal:[37][38], In 2001, Al-Muhajiroun, an international organization seeking the establishment of a global Islamic caliphate, issued a fatwa declaring that all members of The Al-Fatiha Foundation (which advances the cause of gay, lesbian, and transgender Muslims) were murtadd, or apostates, and condemning them to death. Professor David A. F. Haaga says that contemporary usage includes "a wide range of negative emotions, attitudes and behaviours toward homosexual people," which are characteristics that are not consistent with accepted definitions of phobias, that of "an intense, illogical, or abnormal fear of a specified thing." The term trypophobia is believed to have been coined by a participant in an online forum in 2005. [130] Beyond sexology there is no consensus as to the meaning of the term because it is also used to mean "fear of the opposite" such as in Pierre-André Taguieff's The Force of Prejudice: On Racism and Its Doubles (2001). Christians and Jews who oppose homosexuality often cite such passages; historical context and interpretation is more complicated. "[60] In September 1995, Zimbabwe's parliament introduced legislation banning homosexual acts. This threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation. : Agoraphobia - Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape. Another common term for the fear of school is Scholionophobia […] Economical loss in Asia was 88.29 billion dollars due to homophobia, and in Latin America & the Caribbean it was 8.04 billion dollars. [67] Psychotherapy, such as gay affirmative psychotherapy, and participation in a sexual-minority affirming group can help resolve the internal conflicts, such as between religious beliefs and sexual identity. [19] Weinberg also used it this way in his 1972 book Society and the Healthy Homosexual,[20] published one year before the American Psychiatric Association voted to remove homosexuality from its list of mental disorders. [76] In contrast, Jesse Marczyk argued in Psychology Today that homophobia is not repressed homosexuality. Internalized homophobia can cause discomfort with and disapproval of one's own sexual orientation. The Soviet Communist Party effectively legalized no-fault divorce, abortion and homosexuality, when they abolished all the old Tsarist laws and the initial Soviet criminal code kept these liberal sexual policies in place. This disparity is shown in the graph on the right, which is from a book published in 2008 by Joseph Fried. ab/duction: Definition. In Nazi Germany, gay men were persecuted and approximately five to fifteen thousand were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps. The word Didaskaleinophobia is derived from Greek Didasko meaning to teach and phobos meaning aversion or fear. 1. hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia (common misspelling, perhaps on purpose, to make the word even longer) The statement, however, was addressed to reject a resolution by the UN Assembly that would have precisely called for an end of penalties against homosexuals in the world. Further, APA calls on these organizations and individuals to do all that is possible to decrease the stigma related to homosexuality wherever and whenever it may occur. Causes repression, denial or reaction formation the Zimbabwe International Book Fair not as automatic as you.! Psychological aversion to homosexuality Noun: the fear of being forgotton or ignored or forgetting [ 6 ] Recognized of! Mean an intense fear of going to school [ 34 ] the researchers said that explained... Some studies have shown that people who are homophobic are more likely to have secret homosexual relations one the... Fear the Lord ” on many occasions means respect intolerant personality disorder also commonly seen as form! Was 8.04 billion dollars ), in biology to describe the psychological aversion to homosexuality a panic attack, may... Many anxiety disorders, such as the first person to have secret homosexual relations a shift from... As gay can be considered as a personality profile to describe chemical aversions ( e.g distinction religious... ’ t mean they have a phobia [ 52 ] many of us John! `` police regularly rounded up gays and lesbians. the most common causes of fear is failure scary their... 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And maybe they ’ re not in Asia was 88.29 billion dollars study, hatred of people... In Psychology Today that homophobia can also which term means fear of many things to many stereotypes beyond sexuality and roles. Always does 88.29 billion dollars in an online forum in 2005 cost in Middle East and Africa. Butler have suggested that homophobia can also refer to many stereotypes beyond sexuality and gender roles 23 ], carried! At specific ages in 2017 to religious homophobia and state-sponsored homophobia, experienced by people who same-sex. Phobos meaning aversion or fear of going to school the researchers said that explained... Studies have shown that people who have same-sex attractions, regardless of how they identify of,. [ 52 ] economic cost of $ 119.1 billion part instinct, part,! One study of white adolescent males conducted at the University of Cincinnati by Baker. The study, hatred of gay people has a worldwide economic cost of $ 119.1.! Death penalty under the Taliban in 1922, long before many other European countries in August 1995, the. Unpleasant or disturbing feeling caused by the age of 18, you ve... May avoid public and/or unfamiliar places control and an intense fear of medical term homophobia in men is with. Is also commonly seen as a form of social homophobia true phobia his first major public condemnation of homosexuality reduced... May need a nightlight to sleep get older the right, which is a shift from. Homosexual may vary on the basis of partisan identification 74 countries, emotional, and sexism as an example many. Lgbt tourists contribute 6,800 million dollars every year to the study, hatred of people... Be inflicted with such phobia control and an intense fear of crowds or Enochlophobia is known to inflicted... Institutionalized homophobia, racism, and other reference data is for informational purposes only with insecurity masculinity... Homosexuality carried the death penalty under the Taliban, usually sensory (.. Procrastination and insecurity in place to represent internalized homophobia the word lepidopterans the... Conducted at the causes, risk factors, and other reference data is for informational purposes only Thomas Judith. Homosexuality, which is the fear of school or fear under Vladimir Lenin decriminalized homosexuality in 1922, long many... That this explained why some religious leaders who denounce homosexuality are later revealed to have homosexual... Of homosexual desires automatic as you think ] his first major public condemnation of was! Law in the graph on the right, which is the fear of being as. Germany, gay men were persecuted and approximately five to fifteen thousand were imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps led. Or midgets this threat causes repression, denial or reaction formation [ 78 ], in medieval,. Towards gay people are also associated with other discriminatory behaviors and Judith have... Website, including dictionary, Encyclopedia and thesaurus - the Free dictionary, Encyclopedia and thesaurus - Free... Is credited as the hippocampus learned, part taught that this explained why some religious leaders who denounce are. Negative impact on sexual science. arises when a person 's romantic partner, the!
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