Special to the Daily. Killed my first Jerry on the ridge (Division objective). Army reports, orders, rosters, memos, charts, operations journals and unit histories constitute the bulk of the material. Pages 39 and 40. HUGH W. EVANS, a sergeant in C Company of the 85th, published one of the first accounts of the battle for Mount Belvedere by a participant. Ivan III (the Great), grand prince of Russia. (The Denver Public Library, TMD-351-2018-210). The rest is history. THE CAPTURE OF MOUNT BELVEDERE cost the 10th Mountain Division a total of 923 casualties: 192 killed in action, 730 wounded, and one prisoner of war. “The recent successes of the Fifth Army in the area around and including Mount Belvedere, west of the Bologna-Pistoia road, were achieved by the American Tenth Mountain Division,” the New York Times reported on February 25: Made up of especially trained fighters, many of whom were formerly skiers, mountain-climbers and forest rangers, the division from Monday through yesterday secured not only the key feature of Mount Belvedere itself but also Mount Gorgolesco and the Mount della Torraccia ridge. Below: troops of the 87th Regiment’s F Company—one holding a German helmet—assemble before a bombed building. When the snow melted, the soldiers honed their rock-climbing skills. The 10th was the only US mountain division to be raised in World War II, and still has a high profile, being involved in operations from Iraq to Somalia and from Haiti to Afghanistan. Categories: WWII. He lay unconscious for some time on the battlefield. Geography dictated that European armies needed to take alpine fighting seriously since so many national borders ran along the crest of mountains. Horrible slaughter. With the capture of Mounts Belvedere and Gorgolesco on February 19-20 and their successful defense against counterattack, the first phase of Operation Encore was achieved. The 10th was the first division of any kind formed by the Army since 1975 and the first based in the Northeast US since World War II. As he wrote in his diary: They are lying everywhere, “frozen” in many different positions, instant rigor mortis. World War II Under the command of Maj. Gen. Lloyd E. Jones, the 10th Light Division (Alpine) was constituted on July 10, 1943, and activated on July 15, at Camp Hale, Colorado. And so my 20th birthday rolled around & I feel 30. The regiment walked uphill in two long single files. “I got up and left, my eyes filled with tears of anger. The division was special in a number of ways. While the division attracted top skiers, mountaineering (at Camp Hale in 1943, below) was arguably the more important skill. Division was one of many units that served this country in WWII, for images of all the Shoulder Insignia used by the United States Military in the conflict, click here. Before volunteering for the 10th, Kennerly had played football for the University of Georgia. As a young artillery officer in the previous war against Germany, he had been awarded a, Their first weeks on the Italian front had been uneventful. The toll in Germans was about eight dead and twenty captured. I’d always wondered how I’d feel shooting a man & I found out quick enough. It was raised early in the Second World War, blooded in Alaska against the Japanese, and made its mark in history in the Italian Campaign. Apennines, connecting the region around Florence to the south—which had been held by the Allies since the previous fall—to Bologna in the north, in the northern third of Italy still controlled by the Germans. Please, not now.”, Evans attempted to stop the flow of blood from his friend’s chest wound with a piece of cloth torn from his jacket. Learn about library services available now and the latest COVID-19 information and updates. From their hiding places in the valley below, the soldiers looked up at the wall of shale looming more than 3,000 feet above them. “From the frozen spine of the Colorado Rockies to the icy steeps of Riva Ridge in Italy, Maurice Isserman skillfully tracks the birth of the 10th Mountain Division and its harrowing World War II battles. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by Historynet LLC, the world's largest publisher of history magazines. It starts with the native peoples and covers the arrival of the U.S. Army into the North Country of New York. (Photo by Bill Feig, used by permission of The Advocate, Baton Rouge, Louisiana) By George Morris As a pre-med student in the Enlisted Reserve Corps, Robert Black had his ticket punched to miss the business end of World War II. New Listing US ARMY 10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION EUROPEAN DIVISION WW2 PATCH. Even while fighting continued, the grim task of retrieving the dead was beginning. However, it did not go overseas and demobilized in February 1919 at Camp Funston, Kansas. For an excellent chronology of the 10th Mountain Division's creation, battles, and current history see the website of the 10th Mountain Division Association, Inc. at www.10thmtndivassoc.org.. 0 bids. Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall listened to the civilians, and by late November 1941 the first ski troops were beginning to gather at Fort Lewis in Washington State, to soon train on the slopes of nearby Mount Rainier. It became known as Riva Ridge, for one of the peaks along the ridgeline, 4,672-foot Monte Riva. At 6:50 a.m. artillery from the valley below began bombarding the German position. An army jeep pauses before the snow-dusted expanse of Italy’s Riva Ridge (above). Hays stressed the need for speed and audacity: You must continue to move forward. The weather was cold and clear, and a half-moon was rising in the sky. Fischer was badly wounded, with a bullet through his lungs, and kept repeating, “Oh God. Then “all hell broke loose,” as “artillery, mortars, ‘screaming meemies’ [rockets], and machine-gun, fire enveloped us.” With Captain Smith incapacitated and unconscious, Wright took over as company commander, “a responsibility I really didn’t want.”, C Company stayed in the lead, fighting its way uphill. Records document the activities of the 10th Mountain Division from its formation at the beginning of World War II, through its training at various locations including Camp Hale, Colorado and ending with its combat operations in Italy during 1945. While skis were never used in combat by the 10th Mountain Division, they were use for patrols before the Riva Ridge operation, and at least one of those patrols participated in a brief gun battle after removing their skis and proceeding on foot. Corporal Marty Daneman, having just turned 20 in the days before the battle, was no longer the callow youth who only a month earlier had written fiancée Lois that he was “anxious to get in a hot spot” to test his courage. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 5,000 articles originally published in our various magazines. It meant there would be no German artillery observers along the ridge to call in shells on them as they advanced toward their objectives that night and in the days to come. Watch; Glancing into the cavity, I recognize the stump of the spinal cord. (The Denver Public Library, TMD-611). The 10th was the only US mountain division to be raised in World War II, and still has a high profile, being involved in operations from Iraq to Somalia and from Haiti to Afghanistan. “This war is terrible,” he concluded. We had been keyed to this high pitch in all our training. The 10th Mountain Division, the first mountain warfare unit in U.S. history, no longer exists as a designated “mountain unit.” Nevertheless, the story of the 10th, which undertook some of the most daring missions in U.S. military history, is nothing short of miraculous. From the Dardagna River that flowed along the side of the ridgeline, the climb up the east face to its summit was roughly 2,000 feet of elevation gain. Never stop. Dan L. Kennerly, a 22-year-old private serving in the 85th’s D Company, recorded Hays’s words in his diary. I felt no remorse doing it, almost pleasure. from me. Fatigue-clad troopers lounge outside Aspen’s Jerome Hotel (above). Belvedere…. “The 10th Mountain Division of WWII had the highest ratio of college graduates of any unit in the Army. Dubbed the "ski troops" by the press, the 10th Mountain Division remains the only military division recruited by a civilian organization, the National Ski Patrol. Sergeant Evans and his squad, mixed with men from other plat, oons, found themselves just downhill of the final German stronghold on Gorgolesco’s summit. The 10th Mountain Division, the first alpine fighting force in the United States Armed Forces, bears more than a passing connection to Lake Tahoe. From that point, the regiment’s motto would be “Always Forward,” or, The fiercest fighting on the first day of the assault took place just below the summits of Belvedere and Gorgolesco, the former the objective of the 85th’s 3rd Battalion. Size: 1 x 1 3/4 inches. Moved the gun up to a new position and 1 minute later a mortar hit my old foxhole and wounded [Laverne] Staebell and [Leonard] Giddix…Counterattack surrounded us. Operation Uphold Democracy. 10 July 2017. As the 10th Mountain Division waited to cross, the 1st Armored Division skirted Modena over a captured Panaro River bridge four miles north of Highway 9, then moved west, reaching a southwestern loop of the Po on 23 April. This compelling documentary recounts a true "mission impossible" of the U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division during WWII. The 10th Mountain Division trained at Camp Hale, Colorado, where volunteers learned rock climbing, endurance through long distance marches and cross country ski trips, down hill skiing, winter/mountain survival techniques, and combat throughout the winter of 1943-1944. In September 1994, the 1st Brigade of the 10th Mountain Division, which included 1-87 Infantry, conducted the Army's first Air Assault operation from the deck of a naval vessel, the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69), in support of Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti. Hay’s battalion would go into action as soon as the sun rose. $90.00. General Hays, then 52, had taken command of the 10th the previous autumn. We were ready. In the early morning light, Evans spotted his platoon sergeant and close friend, Technical Sergeant Robert Fischer, lying on the ground, next to another soldier who was holding his hand, trying to comfort him. Allied control of the skies contributed to declining German morale. Search the website, Search for books and materials in the Library Catalog, Search for photographs, maps, historical documents and more, Search newspapers, local histories, biographical works, newsletters and journals, Search for papers and materials in the Archival Collections. They made their way through minefields, where a misstep could mean death or mutilation. As a young artillery officer in the previous war against Germany, he had been awarded a Medal of Honor. Experienced in skiing, mountaineering and cold-weather survival as well as military tactics, the soldiers fought enemy forces in the Italian Campaign of 1945. The division was special in a number of ways. In early 1945, the 10th Mountain Division helped crack the so-called Winter Line, the last major German defenses in northern Italy. I spotted one Kraut running across a gully I was covering & shot him. “For the next ten minutes, I just kept moving,” Evans recalled, “throwing grenades and firing my machine pistol. Everything at first went precisely according to plan, he recalled, with no confusion. The Allies would not be able to advance into northern Italy without clearing the Germans from the adjoining high ground. Twice before, other Allied divisions had attempted to overrun the enemy’s positions on Belvedere and failed. A mile or two to the east, men from the other regiments could hear the sound of firing on Riva Ridge. He left a tersely dramatic narrative in his war diary of the night and days that followed: Dug in on crest of ridge with [Turman] Oldman. Among those tripping a wire to a stake mine that night on Gorgolesco was Captain Charles Page Smith, commander of the 85th’s C Company. The 10th Mountain Division thus far had been spared the brutal mountain fighting that had begun to take its toll on Allied forces in Italy almost immediately after the landings in the Gulf of Salerno on September 9, 1943. While the Allied armies in western Europe drove the Germans from France and Belgium, beat back the Nazi offensive in the Battle of the Bulge, and pushed into Germany itself, the Italian front had settled into winter stalemate yet again. The 10th’s plan of attack was complex and multipronged, with elements from the 85th, 86th, and 87th regiments involved in the initial assault from several sides of Belvedere and Gorgolesco. This was the Army's first air operation from a naval vessel since the Doolittle Raid of World War II. But Fischer died within minutes. I was in on it darling — & the story I’ll tell you about it isn’t pretty….” Shortly after midnight on February 21, he recounted, he and his commanding officer headed up the slope of Belvedere to find their battalion’s advanced command post. The U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division served in World War II combat for only four months, but it had one of the highest casualty rates. After darkness fell on Sunday night, February 18, the men from units of the 86th would set off up four of the five trails to the summit of Riva Ridge. In 1987, Denver Public Library partnered with History Colorado and the National Association of the 10th Mountain Division to create the 10th Mountain Division Resource Center. If they ran into opposition, they could use grenades or bayonets, but no one was allowed to load and fire before daybreak. The 10th distinguished itself in Italy during WWII by defeating German positions in the rugged mountains of northern Italy. By the end of 1942, the ski troops, now expanded to two regiments, had their own newly constructed training camp, Camp Hale, high in the Colorado Rockies. The Tenth Mountain Division Foundation carries forward the legacy and memory of America’s WWII winter warfare soldiers The Foundation was established to memorialize the glorious history and exceptional achievements of the World War II 10th Mountain Division and to perpetuate its memory for future generations. Near the summit fortifications, Evans and two men with him hurled grenades into the trenches there, then jumped into them, landing on the backs of dead Germans. A German officer’s diary, acquired by U.S. Army intelligence, revealed a new level of despair spreading through the enemy ranks. They drove ahead, remembering General Hays’s injunction, “always forward,” while leaving a trail of dead and wounded comrades. The curious may wonder why this particular stretch of Highway 89, winding through the Truckee River Valley, bears the name of a World War II Army unit. Their related identity as “ski troops” (as they were commonly called) or “mountain troopers” bred and reflected a strong sense of unit cohesion. The unit was originally formed at Ft. Meade, South Dakota, as a horse cavalry outfit. Mount Belvedere is the first in a line of peaks, all about 3,000 feet high, stretching northeast from the hillside village of Querciola and arrayed along a three-and-a-quarter-mile ridgeline. Amazingly, for a few crucial seconds, there was no fire from above. It had an un-matched number of professional athletes, college scholars, and potential officer candidates, … They reached Italy fit and proud. General Hays drew up the final plans for Operation Encore. For at least one young soldier (and probably many more), Belvedere represented a coming of age. Free shipping. Next, it covers the development of the installation thru present era. MG’s popping all around… [Harlon] Jensen killed 10 yds. By sunset on February 19, they were cheered by the news that the ridge had been captured. Now, standing before the regiment as they gathered outdoors in the cold mountain air, Hays went over plans for the coming offensive, pointing out enemy positions on a large map. Time left 4d 6h left. En route, the battalion began taking casualties from mines. But the most difficult and prolonged phase of the battle was just beginning, as the 85th’s 2nd Battalion moved through the advanced American lines below Gorgolesco to the final objective, Mount della Torraccia. The 10th Mountain Division—a full division of the United States Army specializing in mountain and winter warfare—trained at Camp Hale, Colorado during World War II. But they couldn’t take the summit; on the night of February 23-24, the 86th’s 3rd Battalion, under the command of Major John Hay Jr., 28—a former National Park ranger from Montana—relieved them. The summits of Belvedere and Gorgolesco remained vulnerable to German counterattacks. Corporal Marty Daneman, HQ Company, 2nd Battalion of the 85th, found himself in the thick of the fighting on the second night on Belvedere; it was more than two weeks before he could bring himself to write about the experience in a letter to his fiancée Lois, back in Chicago. Moved the gun up to a new position and 1 minute later a mortar hit my old foxhole and wounded [Laverne] Staebell and [Leonard] Giddix…Counterattack surrounded us. The U.S. Army, in contrast, had no alpine troops and had never fought a battle on a snowy mountain. But an accidental encounter with… The pep talk helped. (The Denver Public Library, TMD-739). The 10th Mountain Division in WWII: – Arrived in Italy on January 6th, 1945 & immediately entered combat – Fought in the roughest terrain of Italy during WWII – Saw combat in Cutigliano, Battle of Monte Castello, Monte Della Torraccia-Mount Belvedere, Canolle, Mongiorgio, Torbole and Nago. When he awoke, despite what must have been shocking pain, he also felt a kind of guilty relief. Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher, statesman, essayist (The Advancement of Learning). The Resource Center is the official repository for all records and artifacts related to the World War II-era 10th Mountain Division. Watch; New Listing Vintage Chippewa WWII U.S. Army 10th Mountain Division Leather Ski Boots Size 11. Over on Gorgolesco, the fighting was more prolonged. See more ideas about mountains in italy, 10th mountain division, wwii. That—and a conviction that the war he was fighting was nonetheless necessary: I still say – better to have it happen here than back home. "Death from a distance, the Mountain Division, with their sharpshooter focus and sniper rifles, is precise and deadly." In January and early February, rock climbers from the 86th Regiment explored Riva Ridge’s eastern side and found five routes to the top; the overconfident Germans never noticed the activity. “For the next ten minutes, I just kept moving,” Evans recalled, “throwing grenades and firing my machine pistol. tured 3 Huns. Around 1 a.m. on the 25th, a concerned officer back at the regimental command post telephoned Major Hay to ask if his battalion needed reinforcements. 10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION IN WORLD WAR II 6 January 1940 — 30 November 1945 Compiled by John Imbrie Vice President for Data Acquisition and Research, National Association of the 10th Mountain Division, Inc. Maps by Barbara Imbrie Battle diagrams modified from those made by Armand Casini in 1945 June 2004. By the evening of February 22, the 2nd Battalion was reduced to some 400 men—roughly half its normal strength. It did not arrive in Europe until winter 1944/45, but then fought hard in the harsh mountainous terrain of Northern Italy. The 10th Mountain Division was formed in World War II as a unit of elite troops with special operational skills adapted to mountain terrain. ON A WINTRY DAY in Italy in the final months of the war against Nazi Germany, Major General George Price Hays, commander of the U.S. Army’s 10th Mountain Division, spoke to men from the division’s 85th Regiment. Some of the best skiers in the world, including refugees from Norway, Austria, and Germany, taught the recruits to ski in all kinds of conditions while carrying weapons and heavy packs. Pre-Owned. From his headquarters close to the front line, Hays studied the terrain, aerial photographs, and maps. Some of the division's brigades received more or fewer decorations depending on their individual deployments. “The recent successes of the Fifth Army in the area around and including Mount Belvedere, west of the Bologna-Pistoia road, were achieved by the American Tenth Mountain Division,” the. Only one, the 10th Mountain Division, saw combat in World War II. Moved over ridge in morning and 1st [platoon] captured 3 Huns. by Flint Whitlock. The men of the 10th were eager to join the fight against the Nazis. From that point, the regiment’s motto would be “Always Forward,” or Sempre Avanti in Italian. Throughout the daylight hours, American P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bombers and British Spitfire fighters buzzed overhead, bombing, rocketing, or napalming any German soldiers or guns they spotted. They had been on the defensive for over a year but still held onto faith in ultimate victory. The 10th Mountain Division Special Troops Battalion was awarded two campaign streamers in World War II and four campaign streamers in the War on Terrorism for a total of six campaign streamers and two unit decorations in its operational history. The original plans for the offensive had envisioned it taking as long as two weeks to drive the Germans off Belvedere and adjoining peaks; instead it took the 10th five days. Mount della Torraccia, the final objective of the February fighting, was under American control. Mount Belvedere is the first in a line of peaks, all about 3,000 feet high, stretching northeast from the hillside village of Querciola and arrayed along a three-and-a-quarter-mile ridgeline. The 10th Mountain Division which was the only WWII U.S. military unit whose wartime skills were turned into a popular civilian pastime. Robert Black fought with the 10th Mountain Division in Italy. This is a fun collectable pin for all 10th Mountain Division fans. (The Denver Public Library, TMD-252). (The Denver Public Library, TMD-374). Corporal Daneman would survive the war to marry Lois in August 1945. Lieutenant General Lucien K. Truscott, commander of the U.S. Fifth Army in Italy, ordered General Hays to deploy the 10th Mountain Division in the valley and hilltop villages below Mount Belvedere and to begin planning an attack—to be known as Operation Encore—for late February 1945. In one short period of time I learned to hate as I never thought I could. Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, commander of German forces for most of the Italian campaign, wrote after the war: “To my surprise—in deep snow—the remarkably good American 10th Mountain Division launched an attack against the left flank of [the German defensive line], which speedily led to the loss of the dominating heights of Monte Belvedere.”. 10TH MOUNTAIN DIVISION IN WORLD WAR II 6 January 1940 — 30 November 1945 Compiled by John Imbrie Vice President for Data Acquisition and Research, National Association of the 10th Mountain Division, Inc. Maps by Barbara Imbrie Battle diagrams modified from those made by Armand Casini in 1945 June 2004. Total German casualties are unknown, but over 400 were taken prisoner. By dawn on February 20, the battalion reached Belvedere’s summit. It reminds me of a watermelon with all the meat gone. ✯, The 10th Mountain Division’s successes set the stage for an advance into German-held northern Italy. The museum covers the history of 10th Mountain Division and Fort Drum. “We’re doing all right.” At dawn, the counterattacks ceased and the survivors of one German company, 40 men including their captain, surrendered. “I’ve been keeping something from [you], and I think that I’d better tell you…,” he wrote on March 9. The U.S. 10th Mountain Division, initially unwanted, ultimately distinguished itself during the War in Italy. The 10th would remain in the vanguard of the Allied drive northward into northern Italy’s Po Valley and the Alps beyond until the German surrender in Italy on May 2. Available remotely with a library card while the library is closed. Can't find what you're looking for? While the Allied armies in western Europe drove the Germans from France and Belgium, beat back the Nazi offensive in the Battle of the Bulge, and pushed into Germany itself, the Italian front had settled into winter stalemate yet again. Time left 9d 5h left. The bravery, struggles, and accomplishments of the 10th are documented in The Winter Army: The 10th Mountain Division in World War II, a new book by Maurice Isserman, the Publius Virgilius Rogers Professor of American History. “The war was over for me,” he later recalled, “and I had survived.”, The fiercest fighting on the first day of the assault took place just below the summits of Belvedere and Gorgolesco, the former the objective of the 85th’s 3rd Battalion. The three mountains overlook Highway 64, one of the few roads then cutting through the. Below: engineers on Belvedere prepare to blow German mines with strings of TNT. Chris Dillmann | cdillmann@vaildaily.com What Riva Ridge really was, though, was one of the keys that helped unlock Allied victory in … German counterattacks that began later in the day and continued for five days proved more costly but ultimately futile. Prayed in my foxhole and read my Bible. Initially known as the 10th Light Division (Pack Alpine), the unit acquired the simpler designation of 10th Mountain Division in November 1944, when they were temporarily based at Camp Swift in east Texas. Soon after the two men arrived, the Germans launched a counterattack: I managed to get in a dugout during part of the shelling, but when the Krauts started to assault us, I got in a shallow slit trench & started firing. Then “all hell broke loose,” as “artillery, mortars, ‘screaming meemies’ [rockets], and machine-gun fire enveloped us.” With Captain Smith incapacitated and unconscious, Wright took over as company commander, “a responsibility I really didn’t want.”, The heavy packs the troopers often bore inspired a popular 10th Mountain Division drinking song: “Ninety Pounds of Rucksack.” (The Denver Public Library, TMD-351-2018-467), C Company stayed in the lead, fighting its way uphill. 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